Papers, etc.

There is an oral history interview at the AIP Center for the History of Physics.

Other References: Historical

Arny, Thomas, “The Star Makers: A History of the Theories of Stellar Structure and Evolution,” Vistas in Astronomy 33, 211-33 (1990).

Croswell, Ken, “The Constant Hubble War,” New Scientist 137, 22 (1993).

Croswell, Ken, The Alchemy of the Heavens (Anchor Books, NY, 1995).

Croswell, Ken, The Universe at Midnight: Observations Illuminating the Cosmos (Free Press, NY, 2001).

Overbye, Dennis, Lonely Hearts of the Cosmos (HarperCollins, NY, 1991).

Sandage, A. “The Search for the Curvature of Space,” Physica Scripta T43, 7-21 (1992).

Sandage, Allan, “Observational Cosmology 1920-1985: An Introduction to the Conference” in Adelaide Hewitt, Geoffrey Burbidge, and Li Zhi Fang, eds., Observational Cosmology; Proceedings of the 124th Symposium, of the IAU, held in Beijing, China, Aug. 25-30, 1986, (D. Reidel., Dordrecht, 1987), pp. 1-27.

Sandage, Allan, “The First 50 Years At Palomar: 1949–1999  . The Early Years of Stellar Evolution, Cosmology, and High-Energy Astrophysics,” Ann. Rev. Astron. & Astrophys. 37, 445-86 (1999).

Sandage, Allan, “Episodes in the Discovery of Variations in the Chemical Composition of Stars and Galaxies,” PASP 112, 293 (2000) [Millennium Essay].

Sandage, Allan, “The Classification Of Galaxies: Early History and Ongoing Developments,” Ann. Rev. Astron. & Astrophys. 43, 581-624 (2005).

Tamann, G.A., “The Hubble Constant: A Discourse,” PASP 108, 1083-90 (1996).

Trimble, Virginia, “H₀: The Incredible Shrinking Constant 1925-1975,” PASP 108, 1073-1082 (1996).

Trimble, Virginia, “Extragalactic Distance Scales: H₀ from Hubble (Edwin) to Hubble (Hubble Telescope),” Space Science Reviews 79, 793-834 (1997).

Search ADS for works about Sandage

Other References:Scientific

Sandage, Allan R., “Solar Excitation Temperature of V I,” Ap.J. 111, 575-79 (1950).

Sandage, Allan R. & Martin Schwarzschild, “Inhomogeneous Stellar Models II: Models with Exhausted Cores in Gravitational Contraction,” Ap.J. 116, 463-76, (1952). [excerpted with commentary in Kenneth R. Lang, & Owen Gingerich, eds., A Source Book in Astronomy & Astrophysics, 1900-1975 (Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, MA, 1979), pp. 353-63.

Sandage, Allan R., “The Color-Magnitude Diagram for the Globular Cluster M3,” Astronomical Journal 58, 61-75 (1953).

Hubble, Edwin & Allan Sandage, “The Brightest Variable Stars in Extragalactic Nebulae. I. M31 and M33,” Ap.J. 118, 353-61 (1953).

Sandage, Allan R., “The First Four Years of Extragalactic Research with the Hale 200-inch Telescope,” Astronomical Journal 59, 180 (1954).

Johnson, Harold L. & Allan R. Sandage, “The Galactic Cluster M67 and its Significance for Stellar Evolution,” Ap.J. 121, 616-27 (1955).

Sandage, Allan R., “The Systematics of Color-Magnitude Diagrams and Stellar Evolution,” PASP 68, 498 (1956).

Sandage, Allan, “On the Mass of the RR Lyrae Stars,” Ap.J. 123, 278–84 (1956).

Humason, M.L., N.U. Mayall, & A.R. Sandage, “Redshifts and Magnitudes of Extragalactic Nebulae,” Astronomical Journal 61, 97-162 (1956). [reprinted in the centennial edition Ap.J. 525C, 640 (1999) with a modern commentary by Paul W. Hodge; also excerpted with commentary in A Source Book in Astronomy & Astrophysics, 1900-1975 edited by Kenneth R. Lang, & Owen Gingerich (Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, MA, 1979), pp. 753-62.]

Sandage, Allan “Observational Approach to Evolution. II. A Computed Luminosity Function for K0-K2 Stars from M_v = +5 to M_v = –4.5,” Ap.J. 125, 435-44 (1957).

Sandage, Allan “Current Problems in the Extragalactic Distance Scale,” Ap.J. 127, 513-26 (1958).

Sandage, Allan “Observational Approach to Evolution. III. Semiempirical Evolution Tracks for M67 and M3,” Ap.J. 126, 326-40 (1957).

Baum, W.A., W.A. Hiltner, H.L. Johnson, & A.R. Sandage, “The Main Sequence of the Globular Cluster M13,” Ap.J. 130, 749-63 (1959).

Sandage, Allan & George Wallerstein, “Color-Magnitude Diagram for Disk Clobular Cluster NGC 6356 Compared with Halo Clusters,” Ap.J. 131, 598-609 (1960).

Matthews, T.A., J.G. Bolton, J.L. Greenstein, G. Münch, & A.R. Sandage, “First True Radio Star,” 107th Meeting Amer. Astr. Soc., Dec. 31, 1960 (unpublished), but reported in Sky & Telescope 21, 148 (1961) [excerpted with commentary in A Source Book in Astronomy & Astrophysics, 1900-1975 edited by Kenneth R. Lang, & Owen Gingerich (Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, MA, 1979), 801-02.]

Sandage, Allan, The Hubble Atlas of Galaxies (Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1961).

Sandage, Allan “The Ability of the 200-inch Telescope to Discriminate Between Selected World Models,” Ap.J. 133, 355-92 (1961).

Sandage, Allan “The Light Travel Time and the Evolutionary Correction to Magnitudes of Distant Galaxies,” Ap.J. 134, 916-26 (1961).

Sandage, Allan, “The Ages of M67, NGC 188, M3, M5, and M13 According to Hoyle’s 1959 Models,” Ap.J. 135, 349-65 (1962).

Eggen, O. J., D. Lynden-Bell, & A.R. Sandage, “Evidence from the Motions of old Stars that the Galaxy Collapsed,” Ap.J. 136, 748-66 (1962). [reprinted in the centennial edition Ap.J. 525C, 964 (1999) with a modern commentary by Gregory D. Bothun]

Burbidge, G.R., E.M. Burbidge, & A.R. Sandage, “ Evidence for the Occurrence of Violent Events in the Nuclei of Galaxies,” Revs. Mod. Phys. 35, 947-72 (1963).

Matthews, Thomas A. & Allan R. Sandage, “Optical Identification of 3C 48, 3C 196, and 3C 286 with Stellar Objects,” Ap.J. 138, 30-56 (1963).

Sandage, Allan, “The Existence of a Major New Constituent of the Universe: the Quasistellar Galaxies, ” Ap.J. 141, 1560-78 (1965).

Sandage, Allan & John D. Wyndham, “On the Optical Identification of Eleven New Quasi-Stellar Radio Sources, ” Ap.J. 141, 328-31 (1965).

Sandage, Allan, Philippe Véron, & John D. Wyndham, “Optical Identification of New Quasi-Stellar Radio Sources, ” Ap.J. 142, 1307-11 (1965).

Sandage, Allan & Lewis L. Smith, “The Color-magnitude Diagram of the Metal-rich Globular Cluster NGC 6712, ” Ap.J. 144, 886-93 (1966).

Kinman, T.D., J.G. Bolton, R.W. Clarke, & Allan Sandage, “Radio and Optical Data on Sixteen Quasi-Stellar Objects,” Ap.J. 147, 848-50 (1967).

Sandage, Allan “The Existence of a Major New Constituent of the Universe: the Quasistellar Galaxies,” Ap.J. 141, 1560-78 (1965).

Sandage, Allan & G.A. Tammann, “A Composite Period-Luminosity Relation for Cepheids at Mean and Maximum Light, ” Ap.J. 151, 531-45 (1968).

Sandage, Allan, Basil Katem, & Jerome Kristian, “An Indication of Gaps in the Giant Branch of the Globular Cluster M15,” Ap.J. 153, L129-L133 (1968).

Sandage, Allan, “Classical Cepheids: Cornerstone to Extragalactic Distances,” QJRAS 13, 202-21 (1972).

Sandage, Allan, “Distances to Galaxies: the Hubble Constant, the Friedmann Time, and the Edge of the World,” QJRAS 13, 282-96 (1972).

Sandage, Allan, “Classification and Stellar Content of Galaxies Obtained from Direct Photography,” in Galaxies and the Universe edited by Allan Sandage, Mary Sandage, & Jerome Kristian (Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1975).

Sandage, Allan, Mary Sandage, & Jerome Kristian, eds., Galaxies and the Universe (Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1975).

Sandage, Allan, “Classification and Stellar Content of Galaxies Obtained from Direct Photography,” in Sandage, Allan, Mary Sandage, & Jerome Kristian, eds., Galaxies and the Universe (Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1975), pp. 1-55.

Sandage, Allan, “The Redshift-Distance Relation VIII: Magnitudes and Redshifts of Southern Galaxies in Groups: a Further Mapping of the Local Velocity Field and an Estimate of the Deceleration Parameter,” Ap.J. 202, 563-82 (1975).

Sandage, Allan, Jerome Kristian, & James A. Westphal, “The Extension of the Hubble Diagram. I. New Redshifts and BVR Photometry of Remote Cluster Galaxies, and an Improved Richness Correction,” Ap.J. 205, 688-95 (1976).

Yahil, A., G.A. Tammann, & Allan Sandage, “The Local Group: The Solar Motion Relative to its Centroid,” Ap.J. 217, 903-15 (1977).

Sandage, Allan & G.A. Tammann, A Revised Shapley-Ames Catalog of Bright Galaxies (Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, 1981).

Binggeli, Bruno, G.A. Tammann, & Allan Sandage, “Studies of the Virgo Cluster. VI. Morphological and Kinematical Structure of the Virgo Cluster,” Astronomical Journal 94, 251-77 (1987).

Sandage, Allan, “The Population Concept, Globular Clusters, Subdwarfs, Ages, and the Collapse of the Galaxy,” Ann. Rev. Astron. & Astrophys. 24, 421-558 (1986).

Sandage, Allan & G.A. Tammann, A Revised Shapley-Ames Catalogue (Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1981, 1987).

Sandage, Allan & John Bedke, Atlas of Galaxies: Useful for Measuring the Cosmological Distance Scale (NASA, Washington, D.C., 1988).

Sandage, Allan, “Observational Tests of World Models,” Ann. Rev. Astron. & Astrophys. 26, 561-630 (1988).

Binggeli, Bruno, Allan Sandage, and G.A. Tammann, “The Luminosity Function of Galaxies,” Ann. Rev. Astron. & Astrophys. 26, 509-60 (1988).

Sandage, Allan, “Properties of Galaxies in Groups and Clusters,” in W.R. Oegerle, M.J. Fitchett and L. Danly, eds., Clusters of Galaxies: Proceedings of the Clusters of Galaxies Meeting, Baltimore, 1989 May 15-17 (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK, 1990), pp. 201ff.

Sandage, Allan, “On the Formation and Age of the Galaxy,” JRASC 84, 70-88 (1990).

Sandage, A., “Evidence that the Expansion is Real,” Physica Scripta T43, 22-30 (1992) [abstract]

Sandage, Allan, “The Search for the Curvature of Space,” in Crafoord Symposium, Stockholm, 1991: Extragalactic Astronomy, including Observational Cosmology, edited by A. Elvius (Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, 1992), pp. 5-21.

Sandage, Allan & John Bedke, The Carnegie Atlas of Galaxies (Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1994).

Sandage, A.R., “Practical Cosmology: Inventing the Past,” in B. Bingelli & R. Buser, eds. The Deep Universe, Saas-Fee Advanced Course 23. Lecture Notes 1993. Swiss Society for Astrophysics and Astronomy (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1995), pp. 1-232.

Sandage, Allan, “Astronomical Problems for the Next Three Decades,” in Guido Munch, Antonio Mampaso, & Francisco Sanchez, eds., The Universe at Large: Key Issues in Astronomy and Cosmology (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1997), pp. 1-63.

Shara, Michael M., Allan Sandage, & David R. Zurek, “The Early Palomar Program (1950-1955) for the Discovery of Classical Novae in M81: Analysis of the Spatial Distribution, Magnitude Distribution, and Distance Suggestion,” PASP 111, 1367-81 (1999).

Sandage, Allan, “Bias Properties of Extragalactic Distance Indicators. IX. Absolute Luminosity and Line-Width Distributions for Galaxy Types along the Hubble Sequence Based on Distance-limited Samples from the Revised Shapley-Ames Catalog,” PASP 112, 504-28 (2000).

Parodi, B.R., A. Saha, A. Sandage, & G.A. Tamann, “Supernova Type Ia Luminosities, Their Dependence on Second Parameters, and the Value of H₀,” Ap.J. 540, 634-51 (2000).

Sandage, Allan, “The Mount Wilson Halo Mapping Project 1975-1985. II. Photometric Properties of the Mount Wilson Catalogue of Photographic Magnitudes in Selected Areas 1-139,” PASP 113, 267-307 (2001).

Sandage, Allan, G.A. Tammann, & A. Saha, “How Good Are SNe Ia as Standard Candles? A Short History,” Supernovae and Gamma-ray Bursts: the Greatest Explosions since the Big Bang. Proceedings of the Space Telescope Science Institute Symposium, held in Baltimore, MD, USA, May 3 - 6, 1999, edited by Mario Livio, Nino Panagia, Kailash Sahu (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK, 2001), pp. 304-333.

Sandage, Allan & A. Saha, “Bias Properties of Extragalactic Distance Indicators. XI. Methods to Correct for Observational Selection Bias for RR Lyrae Absolute Magnitudes from Trigonometric Parallaxes Expected from the Full-Sky Astrometric Mapping Explorer Satellite,” Astronomical Journal 123. 2047-69 (2002).

Tammann, G.A., A. Sandage, & B. Reindl, “New Period-Luminosity and Period-Color Relations of Classical Cepheids: I. Cepheids in the Galaxy,” Astron. & Astrophys. 404, 423-48 (2003).

Sandage, Allan, Lori M. Lubin, & Don A. VandenBerg, “The Age of the Oldest Stars in the Local Galactic Disk from Hipparcos Parallaxes of G and K Subgiants,” PASP 115, 1187-1206 (2003).

Sandage, A., G.A. Tammann, & B. Reindl, “New Period-Luminosity and Period-Color relations of Classical Cepheids: II. Cepheids in LMC,” Astr. & Astrophys. 424, 43-71 (2004).

Sandage, Allan, “The Classification of Galaxies: Early History and Ongoing Developments,” Ann. Rev. Astr. Astrophys. 43, 581-624 (2005).

Sandage, Allan & Gustav A. Tammann, “Absolute Magnitude Calibrations of Population I and II Cepheids and Other Pulsating Variables in the Instability Strip of the Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram,” Ann. Rev. Astr. Astrophys. 44, 93-140 (2006).

Sandage, A., G.A. Tammann, A. Saha, B. Reindl, F.D. Macchetto, & N. Panagia, “The Hubble Constant: A Summary of the Hubble Space Telescope Program for the Luminosity Calibration of Type Ia Supernovae by Means of Cepheids,” Ap.J. 653, 843-60 (2006).

Sandage, Allan, “A Misuse of the Hubble Diagram,” Observatory 126, 52-55 (2006).

Tammann, G.A., A. Sandage, & B. Reindl, “Comparison of Distances from RR Lyrae Stars, the Tip of the Red Giant Branch, and Classical Cepheids,” Ap.J. 679, 52-70 (2008).

Tammann, G.A., A. Sandage, & B. Reindl, “The Expansion Field: the Value of H₀,” Astronomy and Astrophysics Review 15, 289-331 (2008).

Search ADS for works by Sandage   (preprints)

Other Works: Popularizations, History, etc.

Sandage, Allan, “The Evolution of the Stars,” Leaflets of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 7, 57-6f4 (1955) [Leaflet #308].

Sandage, Allan, “The Birth and Death of a Star,” Amer. J. Physics 25, 525-531 (1957).

Sandage, Allan, “The Time Scale for Creation,” Leaflets of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 10, 209-16 (1967) [Leaflet #477] and 10, 217-24 (1967) [Leaflet #478].

Sandage, Allan, “Observational Cosmology,” Observatory 88, 91-106 (1968) [Halley Lecture, 1967].

Sandage, Allan, “Cosmology: A Search for Two Numbers,” Physics Today 23, 34 (1970).

Sandage, Allan, “A Scientist Reflects on Religious Belief,” Leadership University, Origins Project
http://www.leaderu.com/truth/1truth15.html

Sandage, A., “ Beginnings of Observational Cosmology in Hubble's Time: Historical Overview,” in Mario Livio, S. Michael Fall, and Piero Madau, eds., The Hubble Deep Field: Proceedings of the Space Telescope Science Institute Symposium, held in Baltimore, Maryland, May 6-9, 1997 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1998), pp. 1-32.

Sandage, Allan, Centennial History of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. Vol. 1, The Mount Wilson Observatory: Breaking the Code of Cosmic Evolution (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK, 2004).

Please send comments, additions, corrections, and questions to joe.tenn@sonoma.edu

JST 2008-09-02